1.John Gurda,The Making of Milwaukee,3rd ed.(Milwaukee:Milwaukee County Historical Society,2008[1999]),421-22;同时参见416-18;Sammis White et al.,The Changing Milwaukee Industrial Structure,1979-1988(Milwaukee:University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Urban Research Center,1988)。
2.William Julius Wilson,The Truly Disadvantaged:The Inner City,the Underclass,and Public Policy,2nd ed.(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2012[1987]);Marc Levine,The Crisis Continues:Black Male Joblessness in Milwaukee(Milwaukee:University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee,Center for Economic Development,2008).
3.Jason DeParle,American Dream:Three Women,Ten Kids,and the Nation’s Drive to End Welfare(New York:Penguin,2004),16,164-68.
4.State of Wisconsin,Department of Children and Families,Rights and Responsibilities:A Help Guide,2014,6.
5.我并没有亲眼看到拉马尔与其社工的互动,这一段话是根据拉马尔的叙述写成的。我也没有亲眼目击粉刷的过程,现场是根据拉马尔、拉马尔的两个儿子和附近男孩儿的对话记录重建的。
6.以房东为业是美国家族资本主义(family capitalism)的残余。可供出租的房产会代代相传,第三代甚至第四代的房东也不算少见。参见DanielBell,The End of Ideology:On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties(New York:Collier Books,1961),chapter 2。
7.20世纪60年代的一项研究显示:在新泽西州的纽瓦克,4/5业主的房租收入在其总收入中所占的比例不到3/4。参见George Sternlieb,The Tenement Landlord(New Brunswick,NJ:Rutgers University Press,1969)。
8.同一时期整个美国的劳动力仅增长了50%。详见David Thacher,“The Rise of Criminal Background Screening in Rental Housing,”Law and Social Inquiry 33(2008):5-30。
9.作者的计算基于国会图书馆HD1394号档案(非自用不动产,不动产管理)。这一想法受益于Thacher,“Rise of Criminal Background Screening in Rental Housing.”一文。
10.2009年,密尔沃基旧城区的两居室租金行情是550美元,不含水电燃气。租同一区合租公寓的一个房间,房租平均在400美元,含水电燃气。公寓的单间出租利润比较高。《密尔沃基地区租户调查》,2009—2011。